JSON Functions

Confluent Cloud for Apache Flink®️ provides these built-in functions to help with JSON in SQL queries:

JSON functions make use of JSON path expressions as described in ISO/IEC TR 19075-6 of the SQL standard. Their syntax is inspired by and adopts many features of ECMAScript, but is neither a subset nor superset of the standard.

Path expressions come in two flavors, lax and strict. When omitted, it defaults to the strict mode. Strict mode is intended to examine data from a schema perspective and will throw errors whenever data does not adhere to the path expression. However, functions like JSON_VALUE allow defining fallback behavior if an error is encountered. Lax mode, on the other hand, is more forgiving and converts errors to empty sequences.

The special character $ denotes the root node in a JSON path. Paths can access properties ($.a), array elements ($.a[0].b), or branch over all elements in an array ($.a[*].b).

Known Limitations:

  • Not all features of Lax mode are currently supported. This is an upstream bug (CALCITE-4717).
  • Non-standard behavior is not guaranteed.

IS JSON

Checks whether a string is valid JSON.

Syntax
IS JSON [ { VALUE | SCALAR | ARRAY | OBJECT } ]
Description

The IS JSON function determines whether the specified string is valid JSON.

Providing the optional type argument constrains the type of JSON object to check for validity. The default is VALUE. If the string is valid JSON but not the provided type, IS JSON returns FALSE.

Examples

The following SELECT statements return TRUE.

-- The following statements return TRUE.
SELECT '1' IS JSON;
SELECT '[]' IS JSON;
SELECT '{}' IS JSON;
SELECT '"abc"' IS JSON;
SELECT '1' IS JSON SCALAR;
SELECT '{}' IS JSON OBJECT;

The following SELECT statements return FALSE.

-- The following statements return FALSE.
SELECT 'abc' IS JSON;
SELECT '1' IS JSON ARRAY;
SELECT '1' IS JSON OBJECT;
SELECT '{}' IS JSON SCALAR;
SELECT '{}' IS JSON ARRAY;

JSON_ARRAY

Creates a JSON array string from a list of values.

Syntax
JSON_ARRAY([value]* [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ])
Description

The JSON_ARRAY function returns a JSON string from the specified list of values. The values can be arbitrary expressions.

The ON NULL behavior defines how to handle NULL values. If omitted, ABSENT ON NULL is the default.

Elements that are created from other JSON construction function calls are inserted directly, rather than as a string. This enables building nested JSON structures by using the JSON_OBJECT and JSON_ARRAY construction functions.

Examples

The following SELECT statements return the values indicated in the comment lines.

-- returns '[]'
SELECT JSON_ARRAY();

-- returns '[1,"2"]'
SELECT JSON_ARRAY(1, '2');

-- Use an expression as a value.
SELECT JSON_ARRAY(orders.orderId);

-- ON NULL
-- returns '[null]'
SELECT JSON_ARRAY(CAST(NULL AS STRING) NULL ON NULL);

-- ON NULL
-- returns '[]'
SELECT JSON_ARRAY(CAST(NULL AS STRING) ABSENT ON NULL);

-- returns '[[1]]'
SELECT JSON_ARRAY(JSON_ARRAY(1));

JSON_ARRAYAGG

Aggregates items into a JSON array string.

Syntax
JSON_ARRAYAGG(items [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ])
Description

The JSON_ARRAYAGG function creates a JSON object string by aggregating the specified items into an array.

The item expressions can be arbitrary, including other JSON functions.

If a value is NULL, the ON NULL behavior defines what to do. If omitted, ABSENT ON NULL is the default.

The JSON_ARRAYAGG function isn’t supported in OVER windows, unbounded session windows, or HOP windows.

Example
-- '["Apple","Banana","Orange"]'
SELECT
JSON_ARRAYAGG(product)
FROM orders;

JSON_EXISTS

Checks a JSON path.

Syntax
JSON_EXISTS(jsonValue, path [ { TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN | ERROR } ON ERROR ])
Description

The JSON_EXISTS function determines whether a JSON string satisfies a specified path search criterion.

If the ON ERROR behavior is omitted, the default is FALSE ON ERROR.

Examples

The following SELECT statements return TRUE.

-- The following statements return TRUE.
SELECT JSON_EXISTS('{"a": true}', '$.a');
SELECT JSON_EXISTS('{"a": [{ "b": 1 }]}', '$.a[0].b');
SELECT JSON_EXISTS('{"a": true}', 'strict $.b' TRUE ON ERROR);

The following SELECT statements return FALSE.

-- The following statements return FALSE.
SELECT JSON_EXISTS('{"a": true}', '$.b');
SELECT JSON_EXISTS('{"a": true}', 'strict $.b' FALSE ON ERROR);

JSON_OBJECT

Creates a JSON string from key-value pairs.

Syntax
JSON_OBJECT([[KEY] key VALUE value]* [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ])
Description

The JSON_OBJECT function creates a JSON object string from the specified list of key-value pairs.

Keys must be non-NULL string literals, and values may be arbitrary expressions.

The JSON_OBJECT function returns a JSON string. The ON NULL behavior defines how to treat NULL values. If omitted, NULL ON NULL is the default.

Values that are created from another JSON construction function calls are inserted directly, rather than as a string. This enables building nested JSON structures by using the JSON_OBJECT and JSON_ARRAY construction functions.

Examples

The following SELECT statements return the values indicated in the comment lines.

-- returns '{}'
SELECT JSON_OBJECT();

-- returns '{"K1":"V1","K2":"V2"}'
SELECT JSON_OBJECT('K1' VALUE 'V1', 'K2' VALUE 'V2');

-- Use an expression as a value.
SELECT JSON_OBJECT('orderNo' VALUE orders.orderId);

-- ON NULL
-- '{"K1":null}'
SELECT JSON_OBJECT(KEY 'K1' VALUE CAST(NULL AS STRING) NULL ON NULL);

-- ON NULL
-- '{}'
SELECT JSON_OBJECT(KEY 'K1' VALUE CAST(NULL AS STRING) ABSENT ON NULL);

-- returns '{"K1":{"K2":"V"}}'
SELECT JSON_OBJECT(
  KEY 'K1'
  VALUE JSON_OBJECT(
    KEY 'K2'
    VALUE 'V'
  )
);

JSON_OBJECTAGG

Aggregates key-value expressions into a JSON string.

Syntax
JSON_OBJECTAGG([KEY] key VALUE value [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ])
Description

The JSON_OBJECTAGG function creates a JSON object string by aggregating key-value expressions into a single JSON object.

The key expression must return a non-nullable character string. Value expressions can be arbitrary, including other JSON functions.

Keys must be unique. If a key occurs multiple times, an error is thrown.

If a value is NULL, the ON NULL behavior defines what to do. If omitted, NULL ON NULL is the default.

The JSON_OBJECTAGG function isn’t supported in OVER windows.

Example

JSON_QUERY

Gets values from a JSON string.

Syntax
JSON_QUERY(jsonValue, path
  [ { WITHOUT | WITH CONDITIONAL | WITH UNCONDITIONAL } [ ARRAY ] WRAPPER ]
  [ { NULL | EMPTY ARRAY | EMPTY OBJECT | ERROR } ON EMPTY ]
  [ { NULL | EMPTY ARRAY | EMPTY OBJECT | ERROR } ON ERROR ])
Description

The JSON_QUERY function extracts JSON values from the specified JSON string.

The result is always returned as a STRING. The RETURNING clause isn’t supported.

The WRAPPER clause specifies whether the extracted value should be wrapped into an array and whether to do so unconditionally or only if the value itself isn’t an array already.

The ON EMPTY and ON ERROR clauses specify the behavior if the path expression is empty, or in case an error was raised, respectively. By default, in both cases NULL is returned. Other choices are to use an empty array, an empty object, or to raise an error.

Examples

The following SELECT statements return the values indicated in the comment lines.

-- returns '{ "b": 1 }'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('{ "a": { "b": 1 } }', '$.a');

-- returns '[1, 2]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('[1, 2]', '$');

-- returns NULL
SELECT JSON_QUERY(CAST(NULL AS STRING), '$');

-- returns '["c1","c2"]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('{"a":[{"c":"c1"},{"c":"c2"}]}', 'lax $.a[*].c');

-- Wrap the result into an array.
-- returns '[{}]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('{}', '$' WITH CONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER);

-- returns '[1, 2]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('[1, 2]', '$' WITH CONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER);

-- returns '[[1, 2]]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('[1, 2]', '$' WITH UNCONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER);

-- Scalars must be wrapped to be returned.
-- returns NULL
SELECT JSON_QUERY(1, '$');

-- returns '[1]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY(1, '$' WITH CONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER);

-- Behavior if the path expression is empty.
-- returns '{}'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('{}', 'lax $.invalid' EMPTY OBJECT ON EMPTY);

-- Behavior if the path expression has an error.
-- returns '[]'
SELECT JSON_QUERY('{}', 'strict $.invalid' EMPTY ARRAY ON ERROR);

JSON_STRING

Serializes a string to JSON.

Syntax
JSON_STRING(value)
Description
The JSON_STRING function returns a JSON string containing the serialized value. If the value is NULL, the function returns NULL.
Examples

The following SELECT statements return the values indicated in the comment lines.

-- returns NULL
SELECT JSON_STRING(CAST(NULL AS INT));

-- returns '1'
SELECT JSON_STRING(1);

-- returns 'true'
SELECT JSON_STRING(TRUE);

-- returns '"Hello, World!"'
JSON_STRING('Hello, World!');

-- returns '[1,2]'
JSON_STRING(ARRAY[1, 2])

JSON_VALUE

Gets a value from a JSON string.

Syntax
JSON_VALUE(jsonValue, path
  [RETURNING <dataType>]
  [ { NULL | ERROR | DEFAULT <defaultExpr> } ON EMPTY ]
  [ { NULL | ERROR | DEFAULT <defaultExpr> } ON ERROR ])
Description

The JSON_VALUE function extracts a scalar value from a JSON string. It searches a JSON string with the specified path expression and returns the value if the value at that path is scalar.

Non-scalar values can’t be returned.

By default, the value is returned as STRING. Use RETURNING to specify a different return type. The following return types are supported:

  • BOOLEAN
  • DOUBLE
  • INTEGER
  • VARCHAR / STRING

For empty path expressions or errors, you can define a behavior to return NULL, raise an error, or return a defined default value instead. The default is NULL ON EMPTY or NULL ON ERROR, respectively. The default value may be a literal or an expression. If the default value itself raises an error, it falls through to the error behavior for ON EMPTY and raises an error for ON ERROR.

For paths that contain special characters, like spaces, you can use ['property'] or ["property"] to select the specified property in a parent object. Be sure to put single or double quotes around the property name.

When using JSON_VALUE in SQL, the path is a character parameter that’s already single-quoted, so you must escape the single quotes around the property name, for example, JSON_VALUE('{"a b": "true"}', '$.[''a b'']').

Examples

The following SELECT statements return the values indicated in the comment lines.

-- returns "true"
SELECT JSON_VALUE('{"a": true}', '$.a');

-- returns TRUE
SELECT JSON_VALUE('{"a": true}', '$.a' RETURNING BOOLEAN);

-- returns "false"
SELECT JSON_VALUE('{"a": true}', 'lax $.b' DEFAULT FALSE ON EMPTY);

-- returns "false"
SELECT JSON_VALUE('{"a": true}', 'strict $.b' DEFAULT FALSE ON ERROR);

-- returns 0.998D
SELECT JSON_VALUE('{"a.b": [0.998,0.996]}','$.["a.b"][0]' RETURNING DOUBLE);

-- returns "right"
SELECT JSON_VALUE('{"contains blank": "right"}', 'strict $.[''contains blank'']' NULL ON EMPTY DEFAULT 'wrong' ON ERROR);

Other built-in functions

Important

Confluent Cloud for Apache Flink®️ is currently available for Preview. A Preview feature is a Confluent Cloud component that is being introduced to gain early feedback from developers. Preview features can be used for evaluation and non-production testing purposes or to provide feedback to Confluent. The warranty, SLA, and Support Services provisions of your agreement with Confluent do not apply to Preview features. Confluent may discontinue providing Preview releases of the Preview features at any time in Confluent’s sole discretion. Check out Getting Help for questions, feedback and requests.

For SQL features and limitations in the preview program, see Notable Limitations in Public Preview.

Related content

Note

This website includes content developed at the Apache Software Foundation under the terms of the Apache License v2.